@unpublished {65766,
	title = {Gender and Political Careers: A Comparative Labor Market Analysis of Femal Political Representation},
	year = {2001},
	month = {Jan 1, 2001},
	abstract = {Most explanations of female under-representation in democratic polities emphasize either demand for female representatives (say, as a function of female labor force participation), the political mobilization of women, or overt or covert discrimination by male-dominated political organizations. We offer a different{\textemdash}though not necessarily competing{\textemdash}explanation based on an analysis of democratic politics as a particular type of career market. Because seniority is an important factor in legislative effectiveness in candidatecentered systems, career interruptions for the sake of childcare and other family work hurts female aspiring politicians more seriously in majoritarian systems than in PR systems where political parties control the policy platform and constituency service is a minor consideration in the careers of candidates. We find support for this explanation from several sources. First, we find that personalistic electoral systems penalize females (following the rank ordering technique provided by Carey and Shugart 1995). Second, we find that in countries with mixed electoral systems women do better in seats elected by PR than by SMP.},
	author = {Iversen, Torben and Rosenbluth, Frances}
}
