@book {1448215,
	title = {Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {Authoritarian populist parties have advanced in many countries, and entered government in states as diverse as Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and Switzerland. Even small parties can still shift the policy agenda, as demonstrated by UKIP{\textquoteright}s role in catalyzing Brexit. Drawing on new evidence, this book advances a general theory why the silent revolution in values triggered a backlash fuelling support for authoritarian-populist parties and leaders in the US and Europe. The conclusion highlights the dangers of this development and what could be done to mitigate the risks to liberal democracy.},
	url = {www.cambridge.org/core/books/cultural-backlash/3C7CB32722C7BB8B19A0FC005CAFD02B$\#$fndtn-information},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@book {1282196,
	title = {Election Watchdogs: Transparency, Accountability and Integrity},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Recent decades have seen growing concern regarding problems of electoral integrity. The most overt malpractices used by rulers include imprisoning dissidents, harassing adversaries, coercing voters, vote-rigging counts, and even blatant disregard for the popular vote. Elsewhere minor irregularities are common, exemplified by inaccurate voter registers, maladministration of polling facilities, lack of security in absentee ballots, pro-government media bias, ballot miscounts, and gerrymandering. Serious violations of human rights that undermine electoral credibility are widely condemned by domestic observers and the international community. Recent protests about integrity have mobilized in countries as diverse as Russia, Mexico, and Egypt. However, long-standing democracies are far from immune to these ills; past problems include the notorious hanging chads in Florida in 2000 and more recent accusations of voter fraud and voter suppression during the Obama-Romney contest. When problems come to light, however, is anyone held to account and are effective remedies implemented?In response to these developments, there have been growing attempts to analyze flaws in electoral integrity and transparency using systematic data from cross-national time-series, forensic analysis, field experiments, case studies, and new instruments monitoring mass and elite perceptions of malpractices. This volume collects essays from international experts who evaluate the robustness, conceptual validity, and reliability of the growing body of evidence. The essays compare alternative approaches and apply these methods to evaluate the quality of elections in several areas, including the United States, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America.\&nbsp;Election Watchdogs: Transparency, Accountability and Integrity\&nbsp;presents new insights into the importance of diverse actors who promote electoral transparency, accountability, and ultimately the integrity of electoral governance.},
	url = {https://global.oup.com/academic/product/election-watchdogs-9780190677817?cc=us\&lang=en\&$\#$},
	editor = {Norris, Pippa and Alessandro  Nai}
}
@book {762846,
	title = {Strengthening Electoral Integrity.},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press.},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press.},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {764276,
	title = {Electoral integrity in East Asia},
	journal = {Taiwan Journal of Democracy},
	volume = {12},
	number = {1},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {1-18},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {764261,
	title = {Why electoral integrity matters},
	journal = {International Political Science Review},
	year = {2016},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@book {762911,
	title = {Checkbook Elections: Political Finance in Comparative Perspective},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {OUP},
	organization = {OUP},
	address = {New York},
	editor = {Norris, Pippa and Andrea Abel van Es.}
}
@inbook {762981,
	title = {Electoral integrity and electoral systems},
	booktitle = {Oxford Handbook of Electoral Systems},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa},
	editor = {Erik S.  Herron and Robert J. Pekkanen and Matthew S. Shugart}
}
@inbook {762986,
	title = {Electoral integrity and voting behavior},
	booktitle = {Routledge Handbook on Voting Behavior and Public Opinion},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa},
	editor = {Mark Franklin}
}
@inbook {762991,
	title = {Electoral integrity in East Asia},
	booktitle = {Routledge Handbook on Democratization in East Asia},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Yun-han Chu},
	editor = {Tun-jen Cheng}
}
@inbook {763006,
	title = {Electoral transitions: Stumbling out of the gate},
	booktitle = {Rebooting Transitology - Democratization in the  21st Century},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763016,
	title = {Human Security and Social Trust},
	booktitle = {Bringing Culture Back In: Culture and  Liberal State Orders},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Aarhus University Press},
	organization = {Aarhus University Press},
	address = {Aarhus},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@inbook {762996,
	title = {{\textquoteleft}Introduction{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}Conclusions{\textquoteright}},
	booktitle = {Checkbook Elections: Political Finance in Comparative Perspective},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {OUP},
	organization = {OUP},
	address = {New York},
	editor = {Norris, Pippa and Andrea Abel van Es.}
}
@inbook {762976,
	title = {Muslim Integration into Western Cultures: BetweenOrigins and Destinations},
	booktitle = {Muslim Diasporas in the West: Critical Readings in Sociology},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald},
	editor = {Tahir  Abbas}
}
@inbook {763541,
	title = {Conceptualizing political trust},
	booktitle = {Handbook on Political  Trust.},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar},
	organization = {Edward Elgar},
	author = {Norris, Pippa},
	editor = {Sonja Zmerli and Tom van der Meer}
}
@article {764296,
	title = {Integridad en las elecciones de Am{\'e}rica 2012-2014},
	journal = {America Latina Hoy},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {37-54},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Richard W. Frank}
}
@book {762916,
	title = {Contentious Elections: From Ballots to Barricades.},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	editor = {Norris, Pippa and Richard W. Frank and Ferran  Martinez i Coma.}
}
@book {762851,
	title = {Why Elections Fail},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@book {386906,
	title = {Contentious Elections: From Ballots to Barricades},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {From Afghanistan to Zimbabwe the world has witnessed a rising tide of contentious elections ending in heated partisan debates, court challenges, street protests, and legitimacy challenges. In some cases, disputes have been settled peacefully through legal appeals and electoral reforms. In the worst cases, however, disputes have triggered bloodshed or government downfalls and military coups. Contentious elections are characterized by major challenges, with different degrees of severity, to the legitimacy of electoral actors, procedures, or outcomes.

Despite growing concern, until recently little research has studied this phenomenon. The theory unfolded in this volume suggests that problems of electoral malpractice erode confidence in electoral authorities, spur peaceful protests demonstrating against the outcome, and, in the most severe cases, lead to outbreaks of conflict and violence. Understanding this process is of vital concern for domestic reformers and the international community, as well as attracting a growing new research agenda.
The editors, from the Electoral Integrity Project, bring together scholars considering a range of fresh evidence{\textendash} analyzing public opinion surveys of confidence in elections and voter turnout within specific countries, as well as expert perceptions of the existence of peaceful electoral demonstrations, and survey and aggregate data monitoring outbreaks of electoral violence. The book provides insights invaluable for studies in democracy and democratization, comparative politics, comparative elections, peace and conflict studies, comparative sociology, international development, comparative public opinion, political behavior, political institutions, and public policy.},
	url = {https://sites.google.com/site/pippanorris3/publications/books/contentious-elections},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Richard W. Frank and Ferran Martinez i Coma}
}
@article {765646,
	title = {Beyond quotas: Strategies to promote gender equality in elected office},
	journal = {Political Studies},
	volume = {62},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1-19},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Mona Lena Krook}
}
@article {765641,
	title = {Measuring electoral integrity around the world: A new dataset},
	journal = {PS: Political Science \&amp; Politics},
	volume = {47},
	number = {4},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1-10},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Ferran Martinez i Coma and Richard W. Frank}
}
@inbook {763546,
	title = {Existential insecurity and the geography of religiosity},
	booktitle = {The Changing World Religion Map},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Norris, Pippa},
	editor = {Stann Brunn}
}
@inbook {763571,
	title = {How do quotas work? The supply and demand model revisited},
	booktitle = {Deeds and Words: Gendering politics. A Festschrift for Professor Joni Lovenduski},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {ECR Press},
	organization = {ECR Press},
	address = {Essex},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Mona Lena Krook}
}
@inbook {763556,
	title = {Introduction{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}Electoral integrity and political legitimacy},
	booktitle = {Comparing Democracies 4},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa},
	editor = {Lawrence Leduc and Richard  Niemi}
}
@inbook {763551,
	title = {Mecca or oil? Why Arab states lag in gender equality},
	booktitle = {Global Cultural Change},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Christian Welzel},
	editor = {Russell  Dalton}
}
@inbook {763561,
	title = {{\textquoteleft}Political Communication.{\textquoteright} Chapter 19},
	booktitle = {Comparative Politics},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	edition = {3},
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763566,
	title = {Women as political leaders worldwide: Barriers and opportunities},
	booktitle = {Women in Elected Office},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	edition = {3},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Mona Lena Krook}
}
@article {762921,
	title = {Advancing Electoral Integrity},
	journal = {Oxford University Press},
	year = {2014},
	month = {New York},
	editor = {Norris, Pippa and Richard W. Frank and Ferran Martinez i Coma}
}
@book {762931,
	title = {Comparing Democracies 4: Elections in a Changing World},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	edition = {4},
	address = {London},
	editor = {Norris, Pippa and Lawrence Leduc and Richard  Niemi}
}
@book {762856,
	title = {Why Electoral Integrity Matters},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@book {190886,
	title = {Advancing Electoral Integrity},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {Oxford},
	abstract = {Recent decades have seen growing concern about problems of electoral integrity. The most overt malpractices used by rulers include imprisoning dissidents, harassing adversaries, coercing voters, vote-rigging counts, and even blatant disregard for the popular vote. Serious violations of human rights, undermining electoral credibility, are widely condemned by domestic observers and the international community. Recent protests about integrity have mobilized in countries as diverse as Russia, Mexico, and Egypt. Elsewhere minor irregularities are common, exemplified by inaccurate voter registers, maladministration of polling facilities, lack of security in absentee ballots, pro-government media bias, ballot miscounts, and gerrymandering. Long-standing democracies are far from immune to these ills; past problems include the notorious hanging chads in Florida in 2000 and more recent accusations of voter fraud and voter suppression during the Obama-Romney contest.

In response to these developments, there have been growing attempts to analyze flaws in electoral integrity using systematic data from cross-national time-series, forensic analysis, field experiments, case studies, and new instruments monitoring mass and elite perceptions of malpractices. This volume collects essays from international experts who evaluate the robustness, conceptual validity, and reliability of the growing body of evidence. The essays compare alternative approaches and apply these methods to evaluate the quality of elections in several areas, including in the United States, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America.},
	url = {http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199368716.do},
	editor = {Norris, Pippa and Richard W. Frank and Ferran Martinez i Coma}
}
@article {765661,
	title = {Assessing the quality of elections},
	journal = {Journal of Democracy},
	volume = {24},
	number = {4},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {124-135},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Ferran Martinez i Coma and Richard W. Frank}
}
@article {765671,
	title = {Does the world agree about standards of electoral integrity? Evidence for the diffusion of global norms},
	journal = {Electoral Studies},
	volume = {32},
	number = {4},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {576-588},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765651,
	title = {The new research agenda studying electoral integrity},
	journal = {Electoral Studies},
	volume = {32},
	number = {4},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {563-575},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765666,
	title = {Recrutamento politico},
	journal = {Revista de Sociologia e Pol{\'\i}tica},
	volume = {21},
	number = {46},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {11-32},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763591,
	title = {Does ethnicity determine support for the governing party?},
	booktitle = {Voting and  Representation in Africa: Views From Below},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Lynne Reiner},
	organization = {Lynne Reiner},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Robert Mattes}
}
@inbook {763601,
	title = {Does praying together mean staying together? Religion and civic engagement in Europe and the United States},
	booktitle = {Religion and Civil Society in Europe},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {285-306},
	publisher = {Springer Publications},
	organization = {Springer Publications},
	address = {Germany},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763581,
	title = {{\textquoteleft}The electoral performance of center-left parties: Putting {\textquoteleft}decline{\textquoteright} in perspective.{\textquoteright}},
	booktitle = {Progressive  Politics After the Crash},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {97-116},
	publisher = {IB  Tauris},
	organization = {IB  Tauris},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763596,
	title = {Muslim support for secular democracy},
	booktitle = {Spirited Voices from the Muslim World: Striving towards a  Muslim Secular Democracy},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Palgrave/Macmillan},
	organization = {Palgrave/Macmillan},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763576,
	title = {The persistence of digital divides in the 21st Century},
	booktitle = {Handbook of the Digital Creative Economy},
	year = {2013},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar  Publishing},
	organization = {Edward Elgar  Publishing},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@article {765701,
	title = {Four horsemen of the apocalypse: Understanding human security},
	journal = {Scandinavian Political Studies},
	volume = {35},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {71-96},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@article {765686,
	title = {Muslim integration into Western cultures: Between origins and destinations},
	journal = {Political Studies},
	volume = {60},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {228-251},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@article {765676,
	title = {To them that hath{\textquoteright}{\textellipsis}News media and knowledge gaps},
	journal = {Comparative Governance and Politics},
	volume = {6},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {71-98},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763656,
	title = {Ballots not Bullets},
	booktitle = {Electoral Systems},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763646,
	title = {Comparing cross-border information flows and their effects.},
	booktitle = {The Handbook of Comparative  Communication Research},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {353- 369},
	publisher = {Sage/ICA},
	organization = {Sage/ICA},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763621,
	title = {Democratic deficits: The United States and Canada in comparative perspective},
	booktitle = {Imperfect  Democracies},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {University of British Columbia Press},
	organization = {University of British Columbia Press},
	address = {Vancouver},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763631,
	title = {Do cosmopolitan communications threaten traditional moral values?},
	booktitle = {The Sage Handbook of Political Communications},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {22-35},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@inbook {763611,
	title = {Foreword},
	booktitle = {Digital Deliberative Democracy.},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {IDEAS Foundation},
	organization = {IDEAS Foundation},
	address = {Madrid},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763651,
	title = {The persistence of cultural diversity despite cosmopolitanism},
	booktitle = {Routledge Handbook of Cosmopolitanism Studies},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {166-177},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@inbook {763636,
	title = {Political mobilization and social networks. The example of the Arab spring},
	booktitle = {Electronic Democracy},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Barbara Budrich Publishers},
	organization = {Barbara Budrich Publishers},
	address = {Germany},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763606,
	title = {The watchdog role of journalists: Rottweilers, Alsatians or Poodles?},
	booktitle = {Oxford Handbook of  Public Accountability},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@book {762861,
	title = {Making Democratic Governance Work: How Regimes Shape Prosperity, Welfare and Peace},
	year = {2012},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {69406,
	title = {Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Understanding Human Security},
	journal = {Scandinavian Political Studies},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Download PDF},
	month = {Mar 1, 2012},
	publisher = {Scandinavian Political Studies},
	abstract = {Since the end of the Cold War, security studies have broadened to take into account a wide range of non-military threats ranging from poverty to environmental concerns rather than just national defense. Security scholars, backed by international organizations and a growing number of national governments, have developed the concept of Human Security, focusing on the welfare of ordinary people against a broad range of threats. This has aroused vigorous debate. Part I of this paper proposes an analytical model of Human Security. Part II argues that it is important to measure how ordinary people perceive risks, moving beyond state-centric notions of Human Security. We examine new evidence, drawing upon survey items specially designed to monitor perceptions of Human Security, included for the first time in the 6th wave of the World Values Survey (WVS), with fieldwork conducted in 2010{\textendash}2012. Part III demonstrates that people distinguish three dimensions: national, community, and personal security and then explores some structural determinants driving these perceptions. Part IV discusses why perceptions of Human Security matter, in particular for explaining cultural values and value change around the world. The conclusion argues that the shift from a narrow focus on military security toward the broader concept of Human Security is a natural response to the changing challenges facing developed societies, in which the cost-benefit ratio concerning war has become negative and cultural changes have made war less acceptable. In this setting, valid measures of perceptions of Human Security have become essential, both to understand the determinants of Human Security among ordinary people, and to analyze their consequences.},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/\%28ISSN\%291467-9477/issues},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {69401,
	title = {Muslim Integration into Western Cultures: Between Origins and Destinations},
	journal = {Political Studies},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Download PDF},
	month = {Jun 1, 2012},
	publisher = {Political Studies},
	abstract = {To what extent do migrants carry their culture with them, and to what extent do they acquire the culture of their new home? The answer not only has important political implications; it also helps us understand the extent to which basic cultural values are enduring or malleable; and whether cultural values are traits of individuals or are attributes of a given society. Part I considers theories about the impact of growing social diversity in Western nations. We classify two categories of society: ORIGINS (defined as Islamic Countries of Origin for Muslim migrants, including twenty nations with plurality Muslim populations) and DESTINATIONS (defined as Western Countries of Destination for Muslim migrants, including twenty-two OECD member states with Protestant or Roman Catholic majority populations). Using this framework, we demonstrate that on average, the basic social values of Muslim migrants fall roughly mid-way between those prevailing in their country of origin and their country of destination. We conclude that Muslim migrants do not move to Western countries with rigidly fixed attitudes; instead, they gradually absorb much of the host culture, as assimilation theories suggest.},
	url = {http://www.politicalstudies.org/},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@article {765706,
	title = {Cultural explanations of electoral reform: A policy cycle model},
	journal = {West European Politics},
	volume = {34},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {531-550},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763661,
	title = {Cultural explanations of electoral reform: A policy cycle model},
	booktitle = {Understanding  Electoral Reform},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {95-114},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763676,
	title = {Demography, insecurity, and religion},
	booktitle = {Research and Responsibility:  Reflections on our Common Future},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Druck and Werte},
	organization = {Druck and Werte},
	address = {Leipzig},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763671,
	title = {Does democratic satisfaction reflect regime performance?},
	booktitle = {How Democracy Works: Political  Representation and Policy Congruence in Modern Societies},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {University of Amsterdam Press},
	organization = {University of Amsterdam Press},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763706,
	title = {Measuring governance},
	booktitle = {The Sage Handbook of Governance},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@book {762866,
	title = {Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {335},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press },
	organization = {Cambridge University Press },
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@unpublished {68116,
	title = {Making Democratic-Governance Work: The Consequences for Prosperity},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP11-035, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.Harvard DASH repository:http://nrs.harvard.ed/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:5131502Download PDF},
	month = {Oct 1, 2011},
	publisher = {Harvard Kennedy School},
	abstract = {Does democratic governance expand wealth and prosperity? There is no consensus about this issue despite the fact that for more than half a century, rival theories about the regime-growth relationship have been repeatedly tested against the empirical evidence, using a variety of cases, models and techniques. To consider the issues, Part I of this paper reviews and summarizes theories why regimes are expected to influence economic growth directly, either positively or negatively. After considering these debates, Part II discusses the technical challenges facing research on this topic and how it is proposed to overcome these. Part III presents the results of the comparative analysis for the effects of democratic governance on economic growth during recent decades. The descriptive results illustrate the main relationships. The multivariate models check whether these patterns remain significant after controlling for many other factors associated with growth, including geography, economic conditions, social structural variables, cultural legacies, and global trends. The evidence supports the equilibrium thesis suggesting that regimes combining both liberal democracy and bureaucratic governance are most likely to generate growth, while by contrast patronage autocracies display the worst economic performance. The conclusion considers the implications.},
	url = {http://www.hks.harvard.edu/},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765716,
	title = {Petroleum Patriarchy? A Response to Ross},
	journal = {Politics \& Gender},
	volume = {5},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {553-560},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763681,
	title = {The developmental theory of the gender gap{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}Puzzles in political recruitment},
	booktitle = {Women,  Gender and Politics: A Reader},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763701,
	title = {{\textquoteleft}Political activism.{\textquoteright}},
	booktitle = {Developments in European Politics 2 Chapter 7},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {100-119},
	publisher = {Palgrave},
	organization = {Palgrave},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763691,
	title = {Political Communication.{\textquoteright} Chapter 19},
	booktitle = {Comparative Politics},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	edition = {2},
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763686,
	title = {Preface: Women national leaders worldwide: Barriers and opportunities},
	booktitle = {Cracking the Highest Glass Ceiling: A Global Comparison of Womens Campaigns for Executive Office},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {ABC-Clio},
	organization = {ABC-Clio},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763666,
	title = {Uneven Secularization in the United States and Western Europe},
	booktitle = {Secularization},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@book {762936,
	title = {Comparing Democracies 3: Elections and Voting in the 21st Century},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	edition = {3},
	address = {London},
	editor = {Norris, Pippa and Lawrence Leduc and Richard  Niemi}
}
@book {762941,
	title = {Public Sentinel: News Media and the Governance Agenda},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {420},
	publisher = {The World Bank},
	organization = {The World Bank},
	address = {Washington DC},
	editor = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765726,
	title = {Comparing political communications: Common frameworks or Babylonian confusion?},
	journal = {Government and Opposition},
	volume = {44},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {321-340},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763711,
	title = {All elections are not the same: Why power-sharing elections strengthen democratization},
	booktitle = {Democratization by Elections: A New Mode of Transition},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {148-176},
	publisher = {John Hopkins University Press},
	organization = {John Hopkins University Press},
	address = {Baltimore},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763726,
	title = {Christian Conservatism in global perspective: US exceptionalism (again?)},
	booktitle = {Evangelicals and Democracy in America},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {25-56},
	publisher = {Russel Sage Foundation},
	organization = {Russel Sage Foundation},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763741,
	title = {Confidence in the United Nations: Cosmopolitan and nationalistic attitudes},
	booktitle = {The  International System, Democracy and Values},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Uppsala University Press},
	organization = {Uppsala University Press},
	address = {Uppsala},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763721,
	title = {The globalization of comparative public opinion research},
	booktitle = {The Sage Handbook of Comparative  Politics},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {522-540},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763716,
	title = {Going global: New challenges and opportunities in research on democratic participation and the civic culture.},
	booktitle = {The Future of Political Science},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763746,
	title = {Islamic Culture and Democracy: Testing the Clash of Civilizations \&amp; Thesis},
	booktitle = {New Frontiers of Comparative Sociology},
	year = {2009},
	publisher = {Brill  Academic Publishers},
	organization = {Brill  Academic Publishers},
	address = {Leidan/Boston},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@inbook {763731,
	title = {Max Weber and the Protestant work ethic},
	booktitle = {Handbook of Economics  and Ethics},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {578-587},
	publisher = {Edward Elgar},
	organization = {Edward Elgar},
	address = {Cheltenham},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@book {762871,
	title = {Cosmopolitan Communications: Cultural Diversity in a Globalized World.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {429},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@book {67516,
	title = {Public Sentinel: News Media and Governance Reform},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Nov 19, 2009},
	publisher = {World Bank Publications},
	organization = {World Bank Publications},
	abstract = {The purpose of this book is to inform governance advisors about the vital role of the news media for governance reform. This book approaches the issue of news media and governance with three broad questions that it attempts to answer on the basis of quantitative data and case studies. First, a normative approach asks: What ideal roles should media systems play to strengthen democratic governance and thus bolster human development? Second, an empirical approach considers independent evidence derived from cross-national comparisons and from selected case studies, asking: Under what conditions do media systems actually succeed or fail to fulfill these objectives? Third, a strategic approach asks: What policy interventions work most effectively to close the substantial gap that exists between the democratic promise and performance of the news media as an institution?},
	url = {http://publications.worldbank.org/},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765736,
	title = {Getting the Message Out: A two-step model of the role of the Internet in campaign communication flows during the 2005 British General Election},
	journal = {The  Journal of Information Technology and Politics},
	volume = {4},
	number = {4},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {3-13},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and John Cutice}
}
@inbook {763751,
	title = {If you build a political web site, will they come? The Internet and Political Activism in Britain},
	booktitle = {E-Government Research: Policy and Management},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {IGI Publishing},
	organization = {IGI Publishing},
	address = {Hershey, NY},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and John Curtice}
}
@inbook {763756,
	title = {The impact of the Internet on political activism: Evidence from Europe},
	booktitle = {Handbook of Research on Public Information Technology},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {IGI Publishing},
	organization = {IGI Publishing},
	address = {Hershey, PA},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@book {762876,
	title = {Driving Democracy: Do Power-Sharing Institutions Work?},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {306},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763806,
	title = {Continental divide: Social capital in the US and Europe},
	booktitle = {Measuring attitudes cross-nationally: Lessons from  the European Social Survey},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {239-265},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and James Davis}
}
@inbook {763786,
	title = {Gender and political behavior: Sex-role socialization or gendered institutions?},
	booktitle = {The Oxford  Handbook of Political Behavior},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763781,
	title = {Isolates or Socialites? The social ties of internet users.},
	booktitle = {British Social Attitudes},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {59-84},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and John Cutice}
}
@inbook {763776,
	title = {Message or Medium?},
	booktitle = {Real Research:~ Conducting and  Evaluating Research in the Social Sciences},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {Allyn and Bacon},
	organization = {Allyn and Bacon},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and David Sanders}
}
@inbook {763771,
	title = {Opening the door: Women leaders and constitution-building in Iraq and Afghanistan},
	booktitle = {Women Who Lead},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {Jossey Bass},
	organization = {Jossey Bass},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763766,
	title = {Political activism: New challenges, new opportunities},
	booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Comparative  Politics},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {628-652},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763821,
	title = {Skeptical patients: Performance, Social Capital and Culture},
	booktitle = {The Trust Crisis in Healthcare;  Causes, Consequences and Cures},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {32-48},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763761,
	title = {Uneven secularization in the United States and Western Europe},
	booktitle = {The New Religious Pluralism and Democracy},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {31-58},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@inbook {763811,
	title = {A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Postindustrial Societies},
	booktitle = {Readings  in Political Communication},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {Strata Publishing Co},
	organization = {Strata Publishing Co},
	address = {PA},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763816,
	title = {Why religion didn{\textquoteright}t disappear: Reexamining the secularization thesis},
	booktitle = {The Culture and Globalization Series 1: Conflicts and Tensions},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {253-258.},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@book {762946,
	title = {The Politics of News: The News of Politics},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {268},
	publisher = {CQ Press},
	organization = {CQ Press},
	edition = {2},
	address = {Washington DC},
	editor = {Norris, Pippa and Doris Graber and Denis McQuail.}
}
@article {765786,
	title = {Did the media matter? Agenda-setting, persuasion and mobilization effects in the 2005 British general election},
	journal = {British Politics},
	volume = {1},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {195-221},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765771,
	title = {God, guns and gays: The supply and demand for religion in the US and Western Europe},
	journal = {Public Policy Research},
	volume = {12},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {223-233},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@article {765761,
	title = {If you build a political website, will they come? The Internet and political activism in Britain},
	journal = {International Journal of Electronic Government Research},
	volume = {2},
	number = {2},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {1-21},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and John Curtice}
}
@article {765746,
	title = {The impact of electoral reform on women{\textquoteright}s representation},
	journal = {Acta Politica},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {197-213},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765756,
	title = {Modernization and Gender Equality: A Response to Adams and Orloff},
	journal = {Politics and Gender},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {482-492},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Ronald Ingelhart}
}
@inbook {763856,
	title = {Ballot structures and legislative behavior},
	booktitle = {Exporting Congress},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {157-184},
	publisher = {University of Pittsburgh Press},
	organization = {University of Pittsburgh Press},
	address = {Pitssburgh},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763851,
	title = {Die {\"U}berzeugten {\"u}berzeugen? Pluralismus, Partizipation und Parteien im Internet},
	booktitle = {Regieren  und Kommunikation (Government and Communication},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {261-284.},
	publisher = {Herbert von Halem Verlag},
	organization = {Herbert von Halem Verlag},
	address = {Koln},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763846,
	title = {Does Protest Signify Disaffection? Demonstrators in a Postindustrial Democracy},
	booktitle = {Political Disaffection in Contemporary Democracies. Social Capital, Institutions and Politics},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {279-307},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Stefaan Walgrave and Peter van Aelst}
}
@inbook {763861,
	title = {Gendering social capital: Bowling in women{\textquoteright}s leagues?},
	booktitle = {Gender and  Social Capital},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {73-98},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@inbook {763841,
	title = {{\textquoteleft}Kulturelle Barrieren bei der Erlangung gleichberechtigter Representation.{\textquoteright} (German versionof Cultural Obstacles to Equal Representation.)},
	booktitle = {Demokratisches Regieren und  politische Kultur. Post-staatlich, post-parlamentarisch, post-patriarchal},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {LIT},
	organization = {LIT},
	address = {Muenster},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@inbook {763836,
	title = {Political engagement},
	booktitle = {Extract from Democratic Phoenix and {\textquoteleft}Tabloidization, video malaise and  cynicism{\textquoteright} from A Virtuous Circle reprinted in Reader in Political Communications},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {Routledge/Taylor and Francis},
	organization = {Routledge/Taylor and Francis},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763831,
	title = {Recruitment},
	booktitle = {Handbook on Political Parties},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {89-108},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763826,
	title = {The Role of the Free Press in Promoting Democratization, Good Governance and HumanDevelopment},
	booktitle = {Media Matters},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {Internews Europe/Global Forum for  Media Development},
	organization = {Internews Europe/Global Forum for  Media Development},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765816,
	title = {Electoral reform and fragmented multipartyism.{\textquoteright} (Published in Russian)},
	journal = {O{\v n}kymeha},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {71-105},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765811,
	title = {The impact of political advertising in the 2001 UK general election},
	journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
	volume = {58},
	number = {4},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {525-536},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and David Sanders}
}
@article {765806,
	title = {The impact of the Internet on political activism: Evidence from Europe},
	journal = {International Journal of  Electronic Government Research},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {20-39},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765821,
	title = {A tese da "nova clivagem" e a base social do apoio {\`a} direita radical.{\textquoteright} (The {\textquoteleft}new cleavage{\textquoteright} thesis and the social basis of radical right support{\textquoteright} published in Portuguese.)},
	journal = {Opini{\~a}o P{\'u}blica},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1-32},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765796,
	title = {The third Blair victory: How and why?},
	journal = {Parliamentary Affairs},
	volume = {45},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {1-27},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Christopher Wlezien}
}
@article {765791,
	title = {Whether the campaign matters and how},
	journal = {Parliamentary  Affairs},
	volume = {45},
	number = {3},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {214-231},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Christopher Wlezien}
}
@article {764256,
	title = {Britain Votes 2005},
	journal = {Parliamentary Affairs},
	year = {2005},
	editor = {Norris, Pippa and Christopher Wlezien}
}
@inbook {763886,
	title = {Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the internet worldwide},
	booktitle = {Intersecting Inequalities: Class, Race, Sex and Sexuality},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {77-98},
	publisher = {Prentice Hall/Pearson Education},
	organization = {Prentice Hall/Pearson Education},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763881,
	title = {Elections and Public Opinion},
	booktitle = {The Blair Effect II 2001-5},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {43-67},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763876,
	title = {E-voting as the magic bullet for European parliamentary elections?},
	booktitle = {The European Union and  E-voting},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {60-91},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763871,
	title = {It{\textquoteright}s the women, stupid},
	booktitle = {Women{\textquoteright}s Rights},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {H. W. Wilson Co},
	organization = {H. W. Wilson Co},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@inbook {763866,
	title = {Women as political leaders worldwide: Cultural barriers and opportunities},
	booktitle = {Women in Elected Office},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	edition = {2},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@book {762951,
	title = {Britain Votes 2005},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Christopher Wlezien}
}
@book {762881,
	title = {Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {349},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@book {64836,
	title = {Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Regulated Market},
	year = {2005},
	month = {Nov 1, 2005},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	abstract = {During recent decades, radical right parties have been surging in popularity in many nations, gaining legislative seats, enjoying the legitimacy endowed by ministerial office, and entering the corridors of government power. The popularity of leaders such as Le Pen, Haider, and Fortuyn has aroused widespread popular concern and a burgeoning scholarly literature. Despite the interest, little consensus has emerged about the primary factors driving this phenomenon. The core puzzle is to explain why radical right parties have advanced in a diverse array of democracies\&mdash;such as in Austria, Canada, Norway, France, Italy, New Zealand, Switzerland, Israel, Romania, Russia, and Chile\&dash;while failing to make comparable gains in similar societies elsewhere, including in Sweden, Britain, and the United States.To understand this phenomenon, the book sees party competition as a regulated electoral marketplace, where the rules shape both electoral \&quot;demand\&quot; and party \&quot;supply\&quot;. On the demand\&$\#$45;side, Radical Right suggests that the growth of political disaffection and partisan dealignment in contemporary democracies make it easier for supporters to defect, at least temporarily, from mainstream parties. The rising salience of cultural protectionism, in a backlash against globalization and population migration, has altered public opinion, providing sporadic openings for new parties. But these developments are common across contemporary societies so they are insufficient by themselves to account for the varying fortunes of the radical right. We need to understand how \&quot;demand\&quot; interacts with \&quot;supply\&quot;, namely how parties respond to the electorate when crafting their values and building their campaign organizations, within the constraints set by the broader institutional rules.This book expands our understanding of support for radical right parties through presenting an integrated new theory which is then tested systematically using a wealth of cross\&$\#$45;national survey evidence covering almost forty countries, facilitating a broader perspective than ever before. Radical Right is designed for anyone interested in electoral studies and voting behavior, comparative politics, political behavior and institutions, political parties, public opinion, political sociology, political psychology, sociology, and European politics.},
	url = {http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521849144},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {63651,
	title = {God, Guns, and Gays: Religion and Politics in the US and Western Europe},
	year = {2005},
	note = {In Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide, by Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart. UK: Cambridge University Press, September 2005.},
	month = {Sep 1, 2005},
	publisher = { },
	organization = { },
	abstract = {This paper seeks to explain the continuing strength of religious values and the vitality of spiritual life in the United States compared with many other rich nations. Part I documents these patterns using a wealth of survey evidence and Part II then considers three alternative explanations of these differences. Religious market theory postulates that intense competition between rival denominations generates a ferment of activity explaining the vitality of churchgoing. Functionalist explanations focus on the shrinking social role of religious institutions, following the growth of the welfare state and the public sector. We compare evidence supporting these accounts with the theory of secure secularization, based on societal modernization, human development, and economic inequality, that lies at the heart of this study. This study draws on a massive base of new evidence generated by the four waves of the World Values Survey executed from 1981 to 2001. This includes representative national surveys in almost eighty societies, covering all of the world?s major faiths. We also examine other evidence concerning religiosity from multiple sources, including Gallup International polls, the International Social Survey Program, and Eurobarometer surveys. The conclusions consider the broader implications of the findings for the role of faith in politics, for patterns of secularization worldwide, and for growing cultural divisions between Europe and the United States.},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@conference {63661,
	title = {Stable Democracy and Good Governance in Divided Societies: Do Power-Sharing Institutions Work?},
	year = {2005},
	note = {},
	month = {Jan 18, 2005},
	abstract = {Consociational theory suggests that power{\textendash}sharing institutions have many important consequences, not least that they are most likely to facilitate accommodation and cooperation among leadership elites, making them most suitable for states struggling to achieve stable democracy and good governance in divided societies. This study compares a broad cross{\textendash}section of countries worldwide, including many multiethnic states, to investigate the impact of formal power{\textendash}sharing institutions (PR electoral systems and federalism) on several indicators of democratic stability and good governance. The research demonstrates three main findings: (i) worldwide, power{\textendash}sharing constitutions combining PR and federalism remain relatively rare (only 13 out of 191 states); (ii) federalism was found to be unrelated to any of the indicators of good governance under comparison; and (iii) PR electoral systems, however, were positively related to some indicators of good governance, both worldwide and in multiethnic states. This provides strictly limited support for the larger claims made by consociational theory. Nevertheless, the implications for policymakers suggest that investing in basic human development is a consistently more reliable route to achieve stable democracy and good governance than constitutional design alone.},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765841,
	title = {Comment: Does PR promote political extremism, redux},
	journal = {Representation},
	volume = {40},
	number = {3},
	year = {2004},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765851,
	title = {(Reprinted in Spanish) {\textquoteleft}The True Clash of Civilizations?},
	journal = {Foreign Policy},
	year = {2004},
	month = {March/April},
	author = {Inglehart, Ronald and Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765836,
	title = {Sacred and secular: Praying together, staying together?},
	journal = {International Journal of Not-for- Profit Law},
	year = {2004},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@article {765846,
	title = {A Seat at the Table: How to elect women to Iraq{\textquoteright}s new government},
	journal = {Compass: A Journal of  Leadership},
	volume = {1},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {6-8},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765831,
	title = {Who demonstrates? Anti-state rebels, conventional participants, or everyone?},
	journal = {Comparative Politics},
	volume = {37},
	number = {2},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {189-206},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Stefaan Walgrave and Peter van Aelst}
}
@article {765826,
	title = {Why parties fail to learn: Electoral defeat, selective perception and British party politics.},
	journal = {Party Politics},
	volume = {10},
	number = {1},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {85-104},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Joni Lovenduski}
}
@inbook {763996,
	title = {e-politics? The impact of the Internet on political trust and participation},
	booktitle = {British Social Attitudes, The 21st Report},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {99-115},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and John Curtice}
}
@inbook {763986,
	title = {Global political communication},
	booktitle = {Comparing Political Communication: Theories, Cases and  Challenges},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {115-150},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763906,
	title = {The Internet and Politics: Emerging Perspectives},
	booktitle = {Academy \& the Internet},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {90-119},
	publisher = {Peter Lang},
	organization = {Peter Lang},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Doris A. Graber and Bruce Bimber and W. Lance  Bennett and Richard Davis}
}
@inbook {763981,
	title = {Preaching to the converted? Pluralism, participation and party websites.},
	booktitle = {e-democracia: Retos y  Oportunidas papa el Fortalecimientode la Participati{\'o}n Ciudadana y la Democracia en la Sociedad de la Informacion},
	year = {2004},
	publisher = {Universidad Bolivariana},
	organization = {Universidad Bolivariana},
	address = {Santiago, Chile},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {763896,
	title = {Will new technology boost turnout?},
	booktitle = {Electronic Voting and Democracy: A Comparative Analysis},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {193-225},
	publisher = {Palgrave},
	organization = {Palgrave},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@book {762891,
	title = {Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {360},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@book {762886,
	title = {Sacred and Secular: Politics and Religion Worldwide},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {370},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Inglehart, Ronald and Norris, Pippa}
}
@book {64826,
	title = {Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Mar 1, 2004},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	abstract = {From Kosovo to Kabul, the last decade witnessed growing interest in \&quot;electoral engineering\&quot;. Reformers have sought to achieve either greater government accountability through majoritarian arrangements or wider parliamentary diversity through proportional formula. Underlying the normative debates are important claims about the impact and consequences of electoral reform for political representation and voting behavior. This study compares and evaluates two broad schools of thought, each offering contrasting expectations. One popular approach claims that formal rules define the electoral incentives facing parties, politicians, and citizens. By changing the rules, rational choice institutionalism claims that we have the capacity to shape political behavior among politicians and citizens. Reformers believe that electoral engineering can solve multiple social problems, whether by mitigating ethnic conflict, strengthening voter\&$\#$45;party bonds, generating democratic accountability, or boosting women?s representation. Alternative cultural modernization theories differ in their emphasis on the primary motors driving human behavior, their expectations about the pace of change, and also their assumptions about the ability of formal institutional rules to alter, rather than adapt to, deeply embedded and habitual social norms and patterns of human behavior.To consider these issues, this book compares the consequences of electoral rules and cultural modernization for many dimensions of political representation and voting behavior, including patterns of party competition, the strength of social cleavages and party loyalties, levels of turnout, the gender and ethnic diversity of parliaments, and the provision of constituency service. Systematic evidence is drawn the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems based on surveys of parliamentary and presidential contests held in over thirty countries. The study covers elections held from 1996 to 2002 in newer and established democracies ranging from the United States, Australia and Switzerland to Peru, Taiwan and Ukraine. The book concludes that formal rules do matter, with the social cleavages and partisan identities of voters, and the diversity and behavior of elected representatives, shaped by the incentives generated by majoritarian, combined, and proportional electoral systems.},
	url = {http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521829771},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@book {64831,
	title = {Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide},
	year = {2004},
	month = {Nov 15, 2004},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	abstract = {Seminal thinkers of the nineteenth century\&mdash;Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Karl Marx, and Sigmund Freud\&mdash;all predicted that religion would gradually fade in importance and cease to be significant with the emergence of industrial society. The belief that religion was dying became the conventional wisdom in the social sciences during most of the twentieth century.During the last decade, however, the secularization thesis has experienced the most sustained challenge in its long history. Critics point to multiple indicators of religious health and vitality today, from the continued popularity of churchgoing in the United States, to the emergence of New Age spirituality in Western Europe, the surge of fundamentalist movements and Islamic parties in the Muslim world, the evangelical revival sweeping through Latin America, and the widespread ethno\&$\#$45;religious conflicts in international affairs.The traditional secularization thesis needs updating. Religion has not disappeared and is unlikely to do so. Nevertheless, the concept of secularization captures an important part of what is going on. This book develops a theory of secularization and existential security, building on key elements of traditional sociological theories and revising others. This book demonstrates that: (1) The publics of virtually all advanced industrial societies have been moving toward more secular orientations during the past fifty years; but (2) The world as a whole now has more people with traditional religious views than ever before\&mdash;and they constitute a growing proportion of the world{\textquoteright}s population. Though these two propositions may seem contradictory, they are not. The fact that the first proposition is true, helps account for the second?because secularization has a surprisingly powerful negative impact on human fertility rates.The critiques of secularization draw their evidence mainly from the United States (which happens to be a strikingly exceptional case) rather than comparing systematic evidence across a broad range of both rich and poor societies. This book draws on a massive base of new evidence generated by the four waves of the World Values Survey executed from 1981 to 2001 in eighty societies, covering all of the world{\textquoteright}s major faiths. Examining religiosity from a broader perspective and in a wider range of countries than ever before, this book demonstrates that religiosity persists most strongly among vulnerable populations, especially those in poorer nations and in failed states, facing personal survival-threatening risks. Exposure to physical, societal and personal risks drives religiosity. Conversely, a systematic erosion of religious practices, values and beliefs has occurred among the more prosperous strata in rich nations.Sacred and Secular is essential reading for anyone interested in comparative religion, sociology, public opinion, political behavior, political development, social psychology, international relations, and cultural change.},
	url = {http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=052183984X},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@booklet {63491,
	title = {Gender Equality and Democracy},
	year = {2004},
	note = {},
	month = {Feb 16, 2004},
	abstract = {Multiple factors have been found to determine the structure of opportunities for women?s representation in elected office, including the institutional context like the electoral system and the use of affirmative action strategies within party lists, and the resources that women and men bring to the pursuit of fulltime legislative careers, such as their social and occupational networks (Rule 1987; Norris 1997; Karam 1998; Kenworthy and Malami 1999; Caul 1999; Reynolds 1999). What this study seeks to demonstrate is that in addition to these factors, the trend toward gender equality is intimately linked with the broader process of cultural change and democratization.},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {63646,
	title = {The {\textquoteright}New Cleavage{\textquoteright} Thesis and the Social Basis of Radical Right Support},
	year = {2004},
	note = {},
	month = {Sep 6, 2004},
	abstract = {The rise of the radical right is open to multiple interpretations. The question addressed in this paper is whether many of these parties have fostered an enduring social base among core voters and, if so, which social sectors are most likely to support them. Part I discusses the alternative theoretical frameworks provided by the classic accounts of the 1950s and 1960s, the ?new social cleavage? thesis common during the last decade, and the theory of partisan dealignment. The chapter then compares evidence to analyze rival hypotheses about the social basis of the radical right vote across fifteen nations, using data drawn from the European Social Survey, 2002 and the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, 1996{\textendash}2001. Part II focuses upon the role of socioeconomic indicators, while Part III considers the enduring gender gap and patterns of generational support. The conclusion considers the implications of these results for understanding the basis of radical right popularity, and for the stability and longevity of these parties.
This paper is drawn from Chapter 6 of Radical Right: Parties and Electoral Competition, a new book by the author forthcoming with Cambridge University Press (2005).},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765861,
	title = {Gender equality and democracy},
	journal = {Comparative Sociology},
	volume = {1},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {321-346},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Christian Welzel and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@article {765901,
	title = {Le Divorce: Who is to blame for the transatlantic rift?},
	journal = {Compass: A Journal of Leadership},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {22-25},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765896,
	title = {Message or Medium? Campaign learning during the 2001 British general election},
	journal = {Communication},
	volume = {20},
	number = {3},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {233-262},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765891,
	title = {Muslims and the West: Testing the {\textquoteleft}Clash of Civilizations{\textquoteright} Thesis},
	journal = {Comparative Sociology},
	volume = {1},
	number = {3-4},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {235-265},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@article {765886,
	title = {Preaching to the Converted? Pluralism, Participation and Party Websites},
	journal = {Party Politics},
	volume = {9},
	number = {1},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {21-45},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765911,
	title = {Social Capital and ICTs:Widening or reinforcing social networks?},
	journal = {Eco-Forum},
	volume = {22},
	number = {11},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {31-41},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765876,
	title = {The True Clash of Civilizations?},
	journal = {Foreign Policy},
	number = {March/April},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {63-70},
	author = {Inglehart, Ronald and Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765871,
	title = {Tuned out voters? Media Impact on Campaigns},
	journal = {Ethical Perspectives},
	volume = {9},
	number = {3},
	year = {2003},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765866,
	title = {Zappers in de politiek? De invloed van de media op verkiezingscampagnes},
	journal = {Ethische  Perspectieven},
	volume = {12},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {86-102},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {764011,
	title = {The bridging and bonding role of online communities},
	booktitle = {Society Online: The Internet in Context},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {Thousand Oaks, CA},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {764046,
	title = {Digital divide},
	booktitle = {The Information Society Reader},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {764041,
	title = {Do institutions matter? The consequences of electoral reform for political participation.},
	booktitle = {Rethinking the Vote},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {764036,
	title = {Global governance and cosmopolitan citizens},
	booktitle = {The Global Transformations Reader},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {287-298},
	publisher = {Polity Press},
	organization = {Polity Press},
	edition = {2},
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {764001,
	title = {Globale politische Kommunikation: Freie Medien, Gutes Regieren undWohlstandsentwicklung},
	booktitle = {Politische Kommunikation Im Internationalen Vergleich},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Westdeutscher Verlag},
	organization = {Westdeutscher Verlag},
	address = {Germany},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {764031,
	title = {Il divario digitale globale: poverta informative, Internet e sviluppo},
	booktitle = {Quale Futuro Per Il  Commercio Electtronico?},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Franco Angeli},
	organization = {Franco Angeli},
	address = {Milan},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {764026,
	title = {Representation and the democratic deficit},
	booktitle = {The Democracy Sourcebook},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {The MIT Press},
	organization = {The MIT Press},
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {764021,
	title = {Still a public service ethos? Work values, experience and job satisfaction among government workers},
	booktitle = {For the People: Public Service in the 21st Century},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Brookings Institute Press},
	organization = {Brookings Institute Press},
	address = {Washington DC},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {764016,
	title = {Teoria rozwojowa r{\H o}znic mi{\k e}dzy p{\l}ciami: zachowania wyborcze kobiet I m{\k e}{\.z}czyzn w uj{\k e}ciuglobalnym},
	booktitle = {Aktorzy zycia publicznego: P{\l}e{\'c} jako czynnik ro{\.z}nicyj{\k a}cy},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Scholar Press},
	organization = {Scholar Press},
	address = {Warsaw},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@inbook {764006,
	title = {The Worldwide Digital Divide: Information Poverty, the Internet and Development},
	booktitle = {I mercati elettronici hanno reali prospettive?},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Franco Angeli},
	organization = {Franco Angeli},
	address = {Milan},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@book {762961,
	title = {Framing Terrorism: The News Media, the Government and the Public},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {329},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	editor = {Norris, Pippa and Montague Kern and Marion Just}
}
@book {762896,
	title = {Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change around the World.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {226},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald}
}
@article {63486,
	title = {How Damaging is the Transatlantic Rift?},
	year = {2003},
	note = {},
	month = {Sep 1, 2003},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765921,
	title = {The Bridging and Bonding Role of Online Communities},
	journal = {The Harvard International Journal of  Press-Politics},
	volume = {7},
	number = {3},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3-8},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765926,
	title = {Social Capital and the News Media},
	journal = {The Harvard International Journal of Press-Politics},
	volume = {7},
	number = {2},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {3-8},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765916,
	title = {The Twilight of Westminster? Electoral Reform and its Consequences},
	journal = {Political Studies},
	number = {49},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {877-900},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {764086,
	title = {Ballots not Bullets: Electoral Systems, Ethnic Minorities and Democratization},
	booktitle = {The Architecture of Democracy},
	year = {2002},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {Oxford},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {764076,
	title = {Do Campaigns Matter for Civic Engagement? US Elections 1952-2000},
	booktitle = {Do Political Campaigns  Matter?},
	year = {2002},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {764071,
	title = {Gender and Contemporary British Politics},
	booktitle = {British Politics Today},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {38-59},
	publisher = {Polity Press},
	organization = {Polity Press},
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {764056,
	title = {The Gender Gap: Theoretical Frameworks and New Approaches},
	booktitle = {In Women and American  Politics: New Questions, New Directions},
	year = {2002},
	publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	organization = {Oxford University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {764066,
	title = {La Participacion Ciudadana: Mexico Desde Una Perspectiva Comparativa},
	booktitle = {Deconstruyendo la  ciusasan{\'\i}a: Advances y retos en el desarrollo de la cultura democr{\'a}tica en Mexico},
	year = {2002},
	publisher = {Instituto Federal  Electoral},
	organization = {Instituto Federal  Electoral},
	address = {Mexico},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {764061,
	title = {Political Communications},
	booktitle = {Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and  Voting},
	year = {2002},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {London},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@inbook {764051,
	title = {Un circolo virtuoso? L{\textquoteright}impatto di partiti e mezzi di informazione sulla partecipazione politicanelle campagne postmoderne},
	booktitle = {Il circuito politico-mediale},
	year = {2002},
	publisher = {Rubbettino  editore},
	organization = {Rubbettino  editore},
	address = {Rome},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@book {762971,
	title = {Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {269},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {London},
	editor = {Norris, Pippa and Lawrence Leduc and Richard  Niemi}
}
@book {762966,
	title = {Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {276},
	publisher = {Sage},
	organization = {Sage},
	address = {London},
	author = {Lawrence Leduc and Richard  Niemi},
	editor = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@book {762901,
	title = {Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {290},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@booklet {63546,
	title = {Islam \& the West: Testing the Clash of Civilizations Thesis},
	year = {2002},
	month = {Apr 22, 2002},
	abstract = {In seeking to understand the root causes of the events of 9/11 many accounts have turned to Samuel P. Huntington{\textquoteright}s provocative and controversial thesis of a \&quot;clash of civilizations\&quot;, arousing strong debate. Evidence from the 1995{\textendash}2001 waves of the World Values Study provide survey evidence allowing us, for the first time, to sift the truth in this debate by comparing attitudes and values in 75 societies around the globe, including many Islamic and Western states.The results confirm the first claim in Huntington{\textquoteright}s thesis: culture does matter, and indeed matters a lot, so that religious legacies leave their distinct imprint on contemporary values. But Huntington is essentially mistaken in assuming that the core clash between the West and Islamic worlds concerns democracy, as the evidence suggests striking similarities in the political values held in these societies. It remains true that Islamic nations differ from the West on issues of religious leadership, but this is not a simple dichotomous clash, as many countries around the globe display similar attitudes to Islam. Moreover the original thesis fails to identify the primary cultural fault line between the West and Islam, concerning the social issues of gender equality and sexual liberalization. The values separating Islam and the West revolve far more centrally around Eros than Demos.Kennedy School of Government Working Paper Series, Working Paper Number:RWP02-015 Submitted: 04/22/2002  The full text of this paper can be downloaded through HOLLIS if you have a valid Harvard ID},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@conference {63501,
	title = {Tuned Out Voters? Media Impact on Campaign Learning},
	year = {2002},
	note = {},
	month = {May 3, 2002},
	abstract = {What are the consequences of the rise of mediated or indirect channels linking parties and the electorate in modern and post{\textendash}modern campaigns? Critics commonly blame the mass media (and particularly the role of television) for many of the supposed ills of representative democracy, from public disenchantment with elected leaders to increasing detachment from party loyalties, lack of awareness of public affairs, and half{\textendash}empty empty ballot boxes. The argument presented in this study has three core components. Firstly, long{\textendash}term evidence of trends in American elections over the last fifty years demonstrates that reports of the ill health, or even death, of traditional partisan channels of campaign communication are grossly exaggerated. Secondly evidence from the 2000 Bush{\textendash}Gore US presidential elections confirms that far from ?blaming the messenger?, the role of exposure to campaign information from parties, newspapers, television news, talk radio, and the Internet has been to strengthen civic engagement in America. Lastly, expanding upon previous work, the study considers the role of popular television entertainment in this process.},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {765636,
	title = {Britain Votes 2001},
	journal = {Parliamentary Affairs.},
	volume = {54},
	number = {4},
	year = {2001},
	month = {October 2014},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
@article {63496,
	title = {The Twilight of Westminster? Electoral Reform and Its Consequences},
	year = {2001},
	note = {},
	month = {Aug 31, 2001},
	abstract = {The UK political system has long exemplified ?majoritarian? or ?Westminster? government, a type subsequently exported to many Commonwealth countries. The primary advantage of this system, proponents since Bagehot have argued, lie in its ability to combine accountability with effective governance. Yet under the Blair administration, this system has undergone a series of major constitutional reforms, perhaps producing the twilight of the pure Westminster model. After conceptualizing the process of constitutional reform, this paper discusses two important claims made by those who favor retaining the current electoral system for Westminster, namely that single{\textendash}member districts promote strong voter{\textendash}member linkages and generate greater satisfaction with the political system. Evidence testing these claims is examined from comparative data covering 19 nations, drawing on the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. The study finds that member{\textendash}voter linkages are stronger in single member than in pure multimember districts, but that combined districts such as MMP preserve these virtues. Concerning claims of greater public satisfaction under majoritarian systems, the study establishes some support for this contention, although the evidence remains limited. The conclusion considers the implications of the findings for debates about electoral reform and for the future of the Westminster political system.},
	author = {Norris, Pippa}
}
